Portable steam-cleaning apparatus



Nov. 11, 1969 H. E. MURPHY 3,477,645

PORTABLE STEAM-CLEANING APPARATUS Filed Dec. 26, 1967 2 Sheets-Sheet 1FIG. I.

INVENTOR.

H A R Y M U R P H Y ATTORNEYS Nov. 11, 1969 MURPHY 3,477,645

PORTABLE STEAM-CLEANING APPARATUS Filed Dec. 26, 1967 2 Sheets$heet 2 7FIG.5.

A INVENTOR.

* HARRY E. MURPHY ATTORNEYS United States Patent 3,477,645 PORTABLESTEAM-CLEANING APPARATUS Harry E. Murphy, Chicago, Ill., assignor ofone-half to Edwin L. Spengler, Jr., and Max L. Wymore, doing business asAnderson, Spangler & Wymore, both of Denver, Colo.

Filed Dec. 26, 1967, Ser. No. 693,254 Int. Cl. B05b /00; F22b 37/00 US.Cl. 239-136 12 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This invention relatesto a miniature hand-held boiler heated by a disposable pyrotechniccartridge that can be connected to an ordinary garden hose. Water can befed through the hollow handle directly into the boiler in substantialvolume to be heated or, alternatively, it can be sprayed therein andconverted to steam. The gases evolved from the burning pyrotechnicdevice are mixed with the steam in the spray nozzle to impart additionalenergy to the latter. Means are also provided for admitting water fromthe boiler into the cartridge chamber for the purpose of extinguishingthe pyrotechnic device.

Steam-cleaning of an automobile or truck engine to remove dirt, oil androad grime constitutes excellent preventative maintenance; yet, it is apractice that is all too often neglected because of the expense andtrouble of having it done. Commercial vehicles, especially largediesel-powered tractor-trailer units, require steam-cleaning at morefrequent intervals than the ordinary passenger automobile if they are tooperate properly. As a result, the owners of such equipment usually havesteam-cleaning equipment in their maintenance shops. In many instances,steam is used to clean the trailer, wheels, chassis and other unpaintedsurfaces as well as the engine atthe end of each trip.

Steam-cleaning equipment is, however, quite expensive and well beyondthe price range of most individual truck owners. A large-size commercialunit of the type used by trucking companies will run several thousanddollars while even the small ones found in the neighborhood fillingstation cost several houndred. As a result, most individual truck ownersand some small fleet owners are forced to have their trucks cleaned by acommercial cleaning establishment, usually at a cost of between $30.00and $50.00 per cleaning. Obviously, this is a considerable expense,especially when it has to bedone frequently to keep the truck runningproperly.

There have been a number of hand-held steam-generating devices in theprior art; however, none of them come close to generating sufiicientquantities of steam to clean an internal combustionengine. Examples ofthis type of equipment would be steam irons, Vaporizers, facial saunas,etc. Ordinary household electrical current, even 220 volt current, isincapable of generating suflicient wattage to boil the quantity of waterrequired for steam-cleaning an engine. In fact, all such appliances usea water reservoir of some type rather than a flowing supply for thesimple reason that household electrical current cannot producesufiicient B.T.U.s fast enough to continuously vaporize even a smallvolume flowing stream. Accordingly, one must look to something besidesrelatively low-voltage electrical current as the source of heat.

Most steam-cleaning units employ gas-fired boilers of some type thatmake them quite expensive and also prevent them from being portable.They are costly to operate and must be used frequently if they are topay for themselves.

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It has now been found in accordance with the teaclh ing of the instantinvention that the aforementioned difiiculties can be overcome by usingas a heat source a simple and inexpensive disposable pyrotechniccartridge. With the heat source thus solved, the steam-cleaning unittakes on a completely dilferent design than those of the prior art inthat it becomes a simple and inexpensive hand-held unit. The instantdesign includes unique provisions for generating both hot water andsteam. Moreover, the gases generated by combustion of the pyrotechniccartridge are fed back into the stream of hot water or steam so as tosubstantially eliminate such gases from the atmosphere while, at thesame time, utilizing the kinetic energy contained therein as apropellant to impart additional force to the issuing stream of steam orwater. A simple garden hose attached to a conventional water tapprovides the source of water. If desired, any one of a number ofdifierent commercially-available aspirator-type soap or insecticidedispensers can be connected into the system ahead of the steam generatorof the present invention to inroduce a liquid detergent into the streamissuing from the latter. A simple threaded cartridge-holder allows thecartridge to be backed out of the boiler a short distance so as to admitwater to the burning end thereof in order to extinguish same.

It is, therefore, the principal object of the present invention toprovide a novel and improved hand-held portable steam-cleaning tool.

A second objective is to provide a device of the type aforementionedthat utilizes a simple pyrotechnic cartridge as the source of heat.

Another object of the invention herein disclosed and claimed is toprovide a miniaturized steam-cleaning outfit that utilizes the kineticenergy of the combustion gases generated by the burning of a pyrotechniccartridge to impart additional pressure to the issuing stream of steamor water.

Still another objective is the provision of a miniature steam boilerthat includes means for spraying the incoming flow of water into theboiler so as to produce a number of small streams that are more easilyvaporized due to their greatly increased surface area and better heattransfer characteristics.

An additional object is to provide a unit of the class described abovethat includes provision for extinguishing a partially-spent pyrotechniccartridge by admitting .the water in the boiler to the burning endthereof.

A further object is to provide a miniaturized steamgenerating apparatusthat is simple, inexpensive, easy to use, safe, compact, versatile,rugged and even decorative in appearance.

Other objects will be in part apparent and in part pointed outspecifically hereinafter in connection with the description of thedrawings that follows, and in which:

FIGURE 1 is a side elevation, considerable portions of which have beenbroken away and shown in diametrical section, revealing thesteamcleaning apparatus of the instant invention with the nozzleremoved];

FIGURE 2 is a section taken along line 2'-2 of FIG- URE 1, portions ofthe handle having been broken away to conserve space;

FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary section taken along line 33 of FIGURE 1showing the details of the cartridgeholder and boiler tube designed tohouse same;

FIGURE 4 is a fragmentary side elevation showing the nozzle indiametrical section with portions of the latter broken away to conservespace; and,

FIGURE 5 is a side elevation to a reduced scale showing the entireassembly attached to a garden hose.

Referring now to the drawings for a detailed description of the presentinvention and, initially, to FIGURE 5 for this purpose, referencenumeral 10 has been selected'to designate the entire steam-cleaningdevice in a general way and numeral 12 the water supply therefor which,in the present instance, is a simple garden hose. The cold tap waterenters the boiler'14 through either hollow handle 16 or, alternatively,a bypass tube 18. Valve 20 controls the fiow of Water through the hollowhandle, whereas, a similar valve 22 in the bypass line 18 performs alike function in the latter element. A removable cartridge-holder 24adapted to receive a pyrotechnic cartridge (not shown) screws into theboiler 14 and, with the cartridge burning, provides the source of heatfor the water. The hot water or steam, depending upon the flow rate ofthe water into the boiler, is discharged along with the gaseous productsof combustion through a nozzle 26.

It is oftentimes desirable to introduce a liquid detergent into theemerging stream of hot water or steam to facilitate the removal of roadgrime, grease, oil, tar and the like that are difficult to cut withwater or steam alone. It becomes a simple matter to do so by merelyconnecting one of the commercially-available aspirator-type soap orinsecticide reservoirs found in most hardware stores between the hoseand steam-generating unit. With this general background, reference willnow be made to FIGURE l-4, inclusive, for a more detailed description ofthe aforementioned components. In the particular form shown, boiler 14comprises a hollow cylindrical metal cylinder open at the rear end withan internally-threaded ring 28 fastened inside thereof. The front end ofthe cylinder is capped by a more or less spherically-shaped endpiece 30that has an integrallyformed extemally-threaded tubular neck 32projecting forward axially from the central opening 34 therein. Frontand rear inlet openings 36 and 38 are provided in the cylindrical wallarranged in longitudinally-spaced relation to one another and inposition to receive water from the hollow handle 16. It has been foundthat the small propane cylinders of the type used on soldering torches,camp stoves and the like can be easily modified for use as the boiler 14of the instant apparatus.

Handle 16 can be fabricated from either metal or, preferably, some typeof plastic similar to that from which steam iron handles are made. It ishollow and has a generally inverted U-shaped configuration except forthe inlet tube 40 projecting rearwardly therefrom that containsflow-control valve 20. The downturned legs 42 and 44 of the handleregister with the openings 36 and 38 that communicate the interior ofthe boiler and they are provided with external flanges 46 that can beseen most clearly in FIGURE 2 and which enable said handle to befastened to the boiler wall in fluid-tight sealed engagement by rivets48. Gaskets 50 are interposed between the flanges and boiler wall forsealing purposes. These gaskets also provide an insulating barrier thatprevents much of the heat from the hot boiler wall from being conductedto the handle. Of course, with valve 20 open and cold water flowingthrough the handle, it remains quite cool to the touch. It is only whenthe valve 20 is closed and the cold water is bypassed through conduit 18that any opportunity exists for the handle to heat up. Experience hasshown that even with the valve 20 fully-closed, the handle remains coolenough to hold without any discomfort to the user, probably because ofthe close proximity of the cold tap water in inlet 40 coupled with thefact that most of the steam is generated at the extreme front end of theboiler, it being necessary for the water to progress substantially thefull length thereof before sufficient heat is transferred thereto tobring about vaporization. In any event, if handle 16 becomesuncomfortable to hold, it is only necessary to crack valve 20 and bleeda little cold water into it for cooling purposes. The small volume ofwater needed to cool the handle will not materially affect the abilityof the unit to generate steam in the boiler, the heat output of thepyrotechnic device being ample to boil the relatively small volume ofwater allowed to flow therethrough.

Now, the rear end of the boiler is closed by a plug subassembly that hasbeen indicated in a general way by reference numeral 52 and whichcarries the cartridgeholder 24 as will be explained in detail presently.This subassembly includes an axially-extending tubular member 54 whoseinside diameter is slightly greater than the outside diameter of tubularcartridge-holder 24 which fits loosely inside thereof. Tubular member 54extends forwardly in the boiler to a point substantially coextensivewith the front end of the cylindrical portion of the latter in theparticular form illustrated. The front end has a diskshaped plate 56permanently fastened thereto and a small diameter tube 58 projectingtherefrom axially out through and beyond the threaded neck 32 on thefront end of the boiler. Tube 58 communicates the interior of tube 54 bymeans of central opening 60 in disk 56. Abutting the inside surface ofdisk 56 is an annular hightemperature gasket 62, the function of whichwill be set forth presently. Immediately behind said gasket lies aseries of angularly-spaced apertures 64 through the cylindrical wall oftube 54 which admit water from the boiler into the open front end of thecartridge tube 24 when the latter is backed off of gasket 62.

The rear end of tube 54 extends back well beyond internally-threadedring 28 at the rear extremity of the boiler. This rearwardly-projectingportion 66 of tube 54 is threaded internally to receive cartridge-holder24. Obviously, by screwing the tubular cartridge-holder forward untilthe front end thereof engages gasket 62 and seals thereagainst, waterinside boiler 14 passing through apertures 64 in tube 54 is effectivelyprevented from entering the open front end of the cartridge-holder. Itshould, perhaps, be mentioned at this point that the gasket 62 need notmake a perfect water-tight seal with the end of the cartridge because asmall amount of water entering the latter is insufficient to extinguishor even substantially diminish the heat output of a pyrotechniccartridge of the type used herein, these being quite difficult to putout. This fact has its advantages because gasket 62 must be able towithstand the highest temperatures generated by the burning pyrotechniccartridge and, if a perfect water-tight seal were necessary, it would bedifficult to find a gasket material having suflicient heat resistance.As it is, however, asbestos or even ceramic and metal gaskets can beemployed for this purpose. In fact, the gasket could, if desired, beeliminated entirely and have the cartridge tube seal directly againstthe inside surface of end plate 56 although a simple asbestos gasketwould seen to be simpler and easier.

When the time comes to extinguish the pyrotechnic device, thecartridge-holder 24 need only be unscrewed a short distance to open agap between the front end of the latter element and gasket 62 wideenough to admit water from the boiler in sufiicient quantities to dousethe flame. The usual pyrotechnic device of a type suited for use in theinstant steam-generating apparatus will probably require a minute or soto extinguish and it is best to open at least valve 20 and preferablyboth valves 20 and 22 when attempting to do so, the flow through conduit18 alone being so small as to require an undue length of time.

Surrounding rearwardly-extending projection 6 of tube 54 is an annularchamber 68 into which the bypass conduit 18 is connecte'd. This chamberis defined by cylindrical wall 70 (FIGURE 1) that forms a continuationof the cylindrical boiler wall, a solid endplate 72 that interconnectstubular extension 66 and wall 7-0, a perforated endplate 74 containingapertures 75 extends outward radially from tube 54 at its juncture withextension 66 to the inner threaded surface of ring 28, a solidinwardly-extending radial flange 76 adapted to abut the rear face ofring 28, and an externally-threaded cylindrical section 78 bridging thespace between elements 74 and 76 that screws into ring 28. Perforatedplate 74 together with threaded section 78 and radial flange 76cooperate to produce an off.

set endwall in the front end of chamber 68 that admits water into theboiler 14 in the form of a spray much like that produced by a showerhead. There seems to be no need for breaking up the incoming waterstream into small individual droplets, i.e. atomize same, as the showerhead-type spray provides ample surface area to be more or lessinstantaneously. vaporized by the heat developed in the boiler throughthe burning pyrotechnic device. Of course, smaller holes or taperedholes could be used in perforated plate 74 if they proved to benecessary to accomplish a more complete break-up of the spray individualdroplets. Note that the volume of water entering the boiler throughbypass conduit 18 and chamber 68 is considerably less than that whichenters the boiler through the hollow handle with valve 20 wide open.Thus, when water enters the boiler the handle, there is generallyinsuflicient heat available to bring it to a boil before leaving theboiler due to the greatly increased flow rate. Accordingly, this flowpattern is used for hot water rather than steam. Conversely, byrestricting the flow to that which will pass through bypass 18, ampleheat is available in the boiler to convert the water to steam.

The cartridge-holder 24 is formed in two parts, namely, an open-endedsolid-walled tubular portion 80 that fits loosely inside tube 54 asaforesaid and is generally coextensive therewith, and a perforatedtubular portion 82 that threads into the rear end of tube 80 andprojects rearwardly therefrom slightly beyond the rear wall 72 ofchamber 68. The externally-threaded section 84 on the extreme front endof perforated element 82 screws into the read end of solid-Walled tube80 and provides an abutment against which the rear end of thepyrotechnic cartridge seats. Immediately behind threaded se'ction 84 isa second externally-threaded annulus 86 of greater outside diameter thatscrews into the internally-threaded portion of tube extension 66.Annular shoulder 88 between the threaded sections 84 and 86 abuts therear extremity of tube 80. 1

Extending rearwardly from annulus 86 is an integrallyformed cup-shapedcap portion 90 whose cylindrical sidewall and endwall are bothperforated with exhaust apertures 92. This cup-shaped portion liesspaced inward radially from tube extension 66 so as to leave an annulargap 94 therebetween for the escape of the gaseous products of combustionthat flow rearwardly. A pair of diametrically opposed ears 96 on theextreme rear end of the cup-shaped portion 90 provide a fingerhold forscrewing and unscrewing the cartridge-holding subassembly.

Now, in order to insert a cartridge, element 90 and 80 of thecartridge-holder 24 are unscrewed and removed from tubular extension 66as a unit; whereupon, the cartridge is dropped into the open front endof the tube 80, ignited, and then the cartridge-holder is reassembledwith the cartridge already burning. The front end of tube 80 is screwedtightly against gasket 62 so as to keep the water from contacting theburning pyrotechnic device. Since the front end of the pyrotechniccartridge is burning, substantially all of the gaseous product ofcombustion will be exhausted forwardly through tube 58. Next, water isintroduced into the boiler either through the hollow handle 16 or bypassconduit 18 and chamber 68. The heated water or steam, as the case maybe, exits under pressure from the front of the boiler 14 through neck 32and into nozzle 26 where it mixes with the gaseous products ofcombustion that impart additional energy thereto as they leave tube 58.

Nozzle 26 is most clearly revealed in FIGURE 4 and will be seen toinclude an internally-threaded ring 98 adapted to screw onto the neck 32of boiler 14, a tubular portion 100 of reduced inside diameter extendingforwardly from neck 32 substantially coextensive with tube 58 in spacedcoaxial relation outside thereof, a short forwardly-tapered section 102on the front end of tubular portion 100, and an elongate outlet tube 104with a slightly curved tapered tip 106 of further reduced cross sectionconnected to the small end of the tapered section 102. By dischargingthe gaseous products of combustion well forwardly'in the nozzlesubassembly, namely, just ahead of tapered section 10.2, they are pickedup and intermixed with the hot water or steam passing forwardly inannular space 108 so as to effectively eliminate any evolution of smoke,noxious or toxic gases at the nozzle tip. More important, however, isthe fact that the products of combustion leave the end of tube 58 withconsiderable velocity and, when they join the stream of Water or steam,a. substantial amount of additional kinetic energy is imparted to thelatter which materially facilitates the cleaning operaion. Of course,any one of a number of different types of spray tips, both long :andshort, could be substituted for the one shown without the exercise ofinvention.

The resulting unit is quite safe to use despite the fact that thetemperature of the burning pyrotechnic cartridge can easily exceed 1000F. With the cartridge-holder 24 open-both forwardly and rearwardly,there is almost no possibility of a pressure build-up in the unit ofsufficient magnitude to rupture the boiler. It is desirable to leave asmall annular space between tubes 54 and to accommodate unequal thermalexpansion of the latter that might otherwise cause the cartridge-holderto freeze inside boiler tube 54 until the apparatus cools. As it is, thecartridge burns at the front end, and the rear end of thecartridge-holder remains relatively cool to the touch until thecartridge is almost completely spent; therefore, under mostcircumstances, the cartridge-holder 24 can be removed from the boilereven with the cartridge still burning. When this is done, merely tippingthe front end of the cartridge-holder down will let the cartridge fallout or, preferably, the whole subassembly including the cartridge can beemersed in a bucket of water if the user does not want to wait for thetime interval required to extinguish same by letting water in throughopenings 64.

Finally, a few words about the pyrotechnic cartridge. The unit has beendesigned to accept a conventional road flare of the type already carriedby most commercial vehicles and many passenger cars. These flares arequite inexepnsive, generally about five cents apiece or less, and theyare widely available at service stations, garages and automotive partssupply houses. These flares usually burn about twenty minutes which ismore than adequate for most steam-cleaning jobs. They burn on theaverage at temperatures in excess of 1000 F. which is sufficient to moreor less instantly boil a reasonably large flow of cold tap water, saythat which will flow through a A inch inside diameter tube at ordinaryhousehold water pressure of 30 to 40 p.s.i.

The smoke evolved upon burning these flares is, of course, of no valuein the steam-cleaning operation other than as a source of kinetic energyand it is undoubtedly possible to design a special pyrotechnic cartridgewith reduced smoke evolution while producing only non-toxic gases.Obviously, whenever the cartridge is burning, some water should beflowing through the boiler to keep the temperature of the system down tosafe reasonable limits. On the other hand, letting the cartridge burn inthe unit with no water in it is no more dangerous than using the sameflare by itself, assuming the area is adequately ventilated.

Having thus described the several useful and novel features of theportable steam-cleaning apparatus of the present invention, it will beapparent that the many worthwhile objectves for which it was developedhave been achieved. Although but a single specific embodiment of theinvention has been illustrated and described in detail herein, I realizethat certain changes and modifications may well occur to those skilledin the art within the broad teaching hereof.

What is claimed is:

1. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus which comprises: a liquid andvapor-tight pressure vessel having an inside wall dividing the interiorthereof into a steam compartment and a fuel compartment in heat-exchangerelation to one another, said steam compartment including a water inletconnectable to a source of water under pressure and a steam outletremote from said inlet, saidfuel compartment opening onto the exteriorof said vessel for the reception of a solid pyrotechnic fuel cartridge,and said fuel compartment cooperating with a fuel cartridge insertedtherein to define a combustion chamber remote from said exterior openingadapted to confine the gaseous products of combustion; conduit meansconnected into the combustion chamber of the fuel compartment adapted toreceive the gaseous products of combustion generated therein and deliversame to the steam outlet to be mixed with the steam issuing therefrom;and, nozzle means connected to the pressure vessel at the steam outlet,said nozzle means being adapted to receive the stream of mixed gases anddirect same under pressure against a workpiece.

2. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 1 inwhich: a perforated partition wall is located within the streamcompartment in position to separate the water inlet from the steamoulet, said partition wall being adapted to obstruct the incoming streamof water and convert same into a spray as it passes therehrough.

3. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 1 inwhich: a handle is attached to the pressure vessel, said handle having aflow-passage therethrough with its inlet end connectable to the sourceof water under pressure and its outlet end communicating the interior ofthe steam compartment through the water inlet.

4. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 1 inwhich: the inside Wall of the pressure vessel is substantially tubularand provided with at least one aperture adjacent the end thereof remotefrom the exterior opening; and, in which a tubular cartridge-holderadapted to accept a cylindrical fuel cartridge is telescoped into saidtubular wall of the pressure vessel, said cartridge-holder being movablerelative to said tubular vessel wall between a closed position coveringthe aperture in the latter and an open position uncovering same so thatwater may enter the combustion chamber and extinguish a burning fuelcartridge therein.

5. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 1 inwhich: the pressure vessel is generally cylindrical in shape with bothfront and rear endwalls, the front endwall containing the steam outlet,the inside wall being tubular and opening through the rear endwall whileterminating short of said front endwall; and, in which the conduit meanscomprises a smaller diameter tube extending forwardly through the steamoutlet from the combustion chamber in the front of the fuel compartment.

6. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 3 inwhich: the pressure vessel includes a second water inlet opening intothe steam compartment and a perforated partition wall within the lattercompartment separating said second inlet from the first inlet and thesteam outlet, said second inlet being connectable to a source of waterunder pressure, and said partition wall being adapted to receive astream of water entering through the second inlet and convert same intoa spray as it passes therethrough; and, in which a flow-control valve isconnected into the flow-passage in the handle.

7. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 4 inwhich: a plate with an opening therein covers the front end of thetubular vessel wall at right angles to the axis thereof; the conduitmeans connects into the combustion chamber through the opening in saidplate; and, in which the front end of the cartridge-holder is open andlies in a plane normal to the longitudinal axis thereof, said end beingadapted to form an essentially liquid-tight seal with the adjacent faceof said plate when in abutting relation thereto.

8. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 4 inwhich: a portion of the cartridge-holder is accessible through theexterior opening in the fuel compartment of the pressure vessel, andsaid accessible portion contains at least one exhaust opening adapted toprevent the build-up of excessive gas pressure within saidcartridge-holder.

9. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 5 inwhich: a perforated partition wall within the steam compartmentseparates the water inlet from the steam outlet, said parition wallbeing adaped to convert a stream of water entering the water inlet intoa spray as it passes therethrough.

10. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 5 inwhich: a plate with an opening therethrough covers the front end of theinside tubular vessel wall in perpendicular relation to the longitudinalaxis thereof; the conduit means connects into the combustion chamberthrough the opening in the plate; the inside tubular vessel wall has atleast one opening therethrough adjacent the front end thereof; and, inwhich a tubular cartridgeholder is telescoped into the inside tubularvessel wall, the cartridge-holder having an open front end adapted toabut the inside of the plate and form an essentially liquid-tight sealtherewith isolating the interior of said cartridgeholder from thecontents of the steam compartment.

11. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 7 inwhich: a high temperature gasket is placed on the inside surface of theplate in position to seal against the open end of the cartridge-holderwhen the latter is placed thereagainst.

12. The portable spray-cleaning apparatus as set forth in claim 8 inwhich: the cartridge-holder is threaded into the tubular vessel wall,the projecting end of said holder comprises an apertured cap, and meansare carried by said cap in position to form fingerholds adapted tofacilitate insertion and removal of said holder.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 228,621 6/1880 Folsom 169-28363,086 5/1887 Schoen 239-139 2,561,443 7/1951 March 239-136 3,039,454-6/1962 Gilbertson et a1. 239-136 EVERETT W. KIRBY, Primary Examiner US.Cl. X.R. 122-37; 239-129

